The backend URL is just a URL string and it doesn't allow passing anything else.
You can pass custom parameters as an ID, query string or in a cookie.
Example for custom query string:
@Url.Action("Backend", "Controller", new { user = "John", type = "2" })
You can read the query string anywhere in the backend class using Controller.Request.QueryString:
public class Dps: DayPilotScheduler {
protected override void OnInit(InitArgs ea)
{
string name = Controller.Request.QueryString["name"];
// ...
}
}